目錄：
第一版推薦序 (Foreword to first edition) xi
作者序 (Foreword by Stephen M. Levin) xiii
推薦序 (Foreword by John Sharkey) xvii
自序與致謝 (Preface and Acknowledgments) xix
詞彙表 (Glossary) xxii
緒論 (Introduction) xxvii
第 1 章 • 張力共構 (Tensegrity) 1
介紹 (Introduction) .................................................................................................... 1
這是什麼? (What is it?) ....................................................................................................1
張力共構的起源 (The origins of tensegrity) .........................................................2
發明者 (The inventor) ......................................................................................................2
Karl Ioganson ...........................................................................................................................2
建築師 (The architect) ..................................................................................................... 3
David Emmerich ......................................................................................................................3
思想家，設計師⋯ (The thinker, designer...) ............................................................... 4
Buckminster Fuller ..................................................................................................................4
雕塑家 (The sculptor) ...................................................................................................... 4
Kenneth Snelson .....................................................................................................................4
想法的起源 (The beginning of an idea) .................................................................6
傳統的建立 (Building the tradition) ................................................................................6
新觀點的起源 (A new perception) ................................................................................7
測地線穹頂 (The geodesic dome) .................................................................................8
功能性球體 (The functional sphere) .........................................................................................8
腳踏車輪結構理論 (The bicycle wheel) ..................................................................... 9
張力共構：眾志成城 (A combined effort) ................................................................. 9
第 2 章 • 複雜生物體中的簡單幾何學 (Simple geometry in complex organisms)11
詮釋幾何學的新方法：自然已經「知道」的那種
(A new approach to geometry: one that nature already ＇knows＇ about) .....................11
物理學規則 (The rules of physics) ...............................................................................12
把六邊形內部切割成三角形 (Triangulating a hexagon) .................................................12
把形狀緊密排列 (Close-packing the shapes) ......................................................................13
柏拉圖多面體 (The platonic polyhedra) ........................................................................16
動態的結構系統 (A dynamic structural system) ........................................................ 16
四面體 (The tetrahedron) ........................................................................................................ 16
八面體 (The octahedron) ........................................................................................................ 18
立方體 (The cube) .................................................................................................................. 19
等向性向量矩陣與向量均衡 (The isotropic vector matrix and vector equilibrium) ... 20
二十面體 (The icosahedron) ..................................................................................................21
十二面體 (The dodecahedron) ..............................................................................................22
生命體的幾何學 (The geometry of living structure) .....................................................22
爬行者 (The jitterbug) ...................................................................................................24
第 3 章 • 無形之力的平衡 (The balance of unseen forces) 25
張力共構模型 (The tensegrity model) ....................................................................26
T‐稜柱 (T-prisms) ..........................................................................................................26
T‐螺旋 (T-helices) ..........................................................................................................27
T6‐球體、張力共構‐二十面體與 T‐二十
(The T6-sphere, tensegrity-icosahedron, and T-icosa) ....................................................27
張力共構「簡單複雜性」(The simple complexity of tensegrity) ...........................29
結構與能量 (Structure and Energy) .............................................................................29
構造層次系統及整體層面系統 (Structural hierarchies and the global heterarchy) 30
模組化 (Modularity) ........................................................................................................32
吾道一以貫之 (A pattern for all the others) ................................................................32
堅硬抑或是可伸展 ? (Stiff or stretchy) ...............................................................................33
第 4 章 • 機械力學的缺陋 (The problem with mechanics) 37
機械力學的「標準」定律 (The ＇standard＇ laws of mechanics) ..........................38
應力及應變 (Stress and strain) ....................................................................................38
按照比例尺放大 (Scaling up in size) .........................................................................39
必然的代價 (The Consequences) ...............................................................................39
曙光乍現 (A glimmer of hope) .....................................................................................40
非線性 (Nonlinearity) ................................................................................................................40
拉脹特性 (Auxetics) .................................................................................................................40
一個不同的觀點 (A different perspective) ..................................................................41
一種不盡相同的幾何學 (A different sort of geometry) ..................................................... 41
生物力學 (Biomechanics) .......................................................................................42
損壞之槓桿 (The broken lever) ...................................................................................43
轉變中的典範 (A changing paradigm) ........................................................................43
生物張力共構 (Biotensegrity) ........................................................................................44
形狀的掌控 (The control of shape) ..............................................................................45
整合的層面系統 (The integrated heterarchy) ............................................................46
機械力學 (The mechanics) ...........................................................................................47
化解問題 (Resolving the problem) ................................................................................47
第 5 章 • 自主的細胞 (The autonomous cell) 49
細胞骨架 (The cytoskeleton) ............................................................................................49
皮質 (The cortex) ...........................................................................................................50
調節細胞 (Regulating the cell) ......................................................................................52
細胞狀態分流器 (The cell-state splitter) ..............................................................................53
塑造平衡 (Shaping the balance) .............................................................................................54
連結「內在」與「外在」(Linking the ＇inside＇ with the ＇outside＇) .....................................55
組織的發育 (The development of tissues) ...................................................................55
細胞的移動 (The movement of cells) ..........................................................................57
複雜型態的形成 (The formation of complex patterns) .................................................57
細胞的整合者 (The cellular integrator) .......................................................................59
第 6 章 • 曲折的故事 (The twist in the tale) 61
螺旋 (The helix) ...................................................................................................................61
分子螺旋 (The molecular helix) ....................................................................................62
複雜的層面系統 (Complex heterarchies) ....................................................................63
交錯的螺旋管 (The crossed helical tube) .....................................................................65
管子內的管子內的管子… (Tubes within tubes within tubes... ) ............................67
肌筋膜管 (The myofascial tube) ...................................................................................67
體壁 (The body wall) .................................................................................................................68
振盪的組織 (Oscillating tissues) ............................................................................................69
一個更基礎的幾何學 (A more fundamental kind of geometry) ..........................................70
在鍋裡攪拌 (Stirring the pot) ...............................................................................71
第 7 章 • 輕而易舉的動作 (The ease of motion) 73
汰舊換新 (Replacing the old with the new) ......................................................................74
恐龍與福斯橋 (Dinosaurs and the Forth Bridge) ........................................................74
Snelson 的塔 (Snelson＇s tower) ...............................................................................................75
脊椎動物的脊椎 (The vertebrate spine) ...................................................................75
張力共構關節 (The biotensegrity joint) ...............................................................77
車輪 (The wheel) ...........................................................................................................77
漂浮的種子骨 (Floating sesamoids) .....................................................................................79
一點點空間 (A little bit of space) .................................................................................80
膝蓋 (The knee) .......................................................................................................................80
滑動的表面 (Gliding surfaces) ...............................................................................................81
值得注意的事 (A note of caution) ...............................................................................82
再多一些細節 (A bit more detail) ...........................................................................83
手肘 (The elbow) ............................................................................................................83
事有蹊蹺 (Something rather peculiar is going on) ..................................................................83
可敬的功能 (A respectable function) ......................................................................................84
簡易的履歷 (A little résumé) ...................................................................................85
第 8 章 • 「堅硬」與「柔軟」 (The ＇hard＇ and the ＇soft＇) 87
顱頂 (The cranial vault) ..............................................................................................87
幾何模型 (The geometric model) ..................................................................................88
由直而彎 (Straight into curves) ..............................................................................................88
解剖的基礎 (Anatomical basics) ............................................................................................89
胚胎發育 (Embryonic development) .............................................................................89
整合的顱骨 (The integrated cranium) ..........................................................................91
顱部病變 (Cranial pathologies) .....................................................................................92
顳頜關節或頜關節 (The temporomandibular or jaw joint) ......................................92
爭議點 (The controversy) ..............................................................................................92
關節力學 (Joint mechanics) .........................................................................................92
順應的關節盤 (The compliant disk) ......................................................................................93
動態的張力系統 (The dynamic tension system) ..................................................................93
在張力海洋中如島嶼般漂浮的壓迫力
(Islands of compression floating in a sea of tension) ..................................................................95
徒手治療的妙手 (The therapeutic touch) ..................................................................95
整合的網路 (The integrated network) ......................................................................96
功能性運動學 (Functional kinematics) .......................................................................96
肌肉的連結 (The muscular link) .............................................................................................96
一路至此的故事 (The story so far) .......................................................................97
第 9 章 • 近一點看 (A closer look) 99
張力與壓迫力 (Tension and compression) ............................................................100
吸引力與排斥力 (Attraction and repulsion) ............................................................100
拉與推 (Pull and push) ...............................................................................................100
無限多的可能 (The possibilities are endless) ..........................................................101
纜繩及支柱 (Cables and struts) ..........................................................................102
失落的支柱 (The lost strut) .......................................................................................102
找尋缺少的壓迫力 (A search for the missing compression) .................................103
完全取決於觀點 (It is all about perspective) ..........................................................104
多連桿結構組織 (Multibar organization) .............................................................105
幾何規範 (Geometric regulation) ..............................................................................105
簡單演變為複雜 (Simple evolving into complex) .............................................................105
直線或曲線 (Straight or curved) ...........................................................................106
減少應力 (Reducing the stress) .................................................................................107
球體幾何學 (Spherical geometry) .............................................................................108
解剖學的細微差異 (The nuances of anatomy) ..................................................108
第10章 • 生物界裡的「複雜」規律 (＇Complex＇ patterns in biology) 109
空間的占據 (The filling of space) ..........................................................................110
對偶性 (Duality) ............................................................................................................110
費波那契數列及黃金分割律 (The Fibonacci sequence and Golden Mean) ......111
等價 (Equivalence) ........................................................................................................112
準等價及球形病毒 (Quasi-equivalence and the spherical viruses) ...................................112
潘洛斯圖案 (Penrose Tiling) .....................................................................................113
碎形 (The fractal) .........................................................................................................114
連結的鏈結 (The connecting links) .....................................................................................116
軟物質 (Soft matter) ....................................................................................................116
準晶體 (Quasicrystals) ..........................................................................................................116
更高維 (Higher dimensions) ................................................................................117
雙曲幾何 (Hyperbolic geometry) .........................................................................118
這一切代表著什麼呢? (What does this all mean?) ......................................120
第11章 • 生物張力共構：生物力學的合理方案
(Biotensegrity: a rational approach to biomechanics) 121
骨骼 (The skeleton) ..........................................................................................................121
骨頭 (Bones) ................................................................................................................121
肌肉 (Muscles) .............................................................................................................122
結締組織 (Connective tissues) ..................................................................................122
筋膜 (The fascia) ....................................................................................................................122
多面體網路 (The polyhedral network) .................................................................................123
新現實 (A new reality) ......................................................................................................124
間動力學 (Mesokinetics) .............................................................................................124
解開舊觀念 (Unraveling the old ideas) ......................................................................125
錯位的智慧 (A misplaced wisdom) .....................................................................................125
全面性協同作用(A global synergy) ...................................................................................126
動作之簡單的複雜性 (The simple complexity of motion) ......................................126
動作的動力學 (The dynamics of movement) .............................................................127
運動的控制 (The control of motion) ..........................................................................127
力量轉移 (Transferring the power) ............................................................................128
治療學 (Therapeutics) .....................................................................................................129
觀點的改變 (A change in perception) .......................................................................129
平衡的轉移 (A shift in balance) ................................................................................129
生物張力共構模型 (The biotensegrity model) .......................................................130
基礎科學 (Basic science) ..........................................................................................131
第12章 • 生物張力共構—生命結構的基石 (the structural basis of life) 133
第一原理 (First principles) .............................................................................................134
柏拉圖形狀與它們的延伸 (The Platonic shapes and where they lead to) .........134
簡易幾何學 (Simple geometry) ...........................................................................................134
科技 (The technology) ............................................................................................................136
看不見的核心 (The unseen core) ............................................................................137
形態的浮現 (The emergence of form) ......................................................................137
定律們 (The laws) .................................................................................................................137
熵 (Entropy) .............................................................................................................................138
流的架構 (The architecture of flow) .....................................................................................138
形態發生領域 (The morphogenetic field) ..........................................................................139
生物張力共構 (Biotensegrity) .............................................................................140
資訊的流動 (The flow of information) .......................................................................140
流量的循環(The cycle of flow) ............................................................................................140
連貫性 (The continuity) ...............................................................................................141
有功能的生物體 (The functional organism) ............................................................141
附錄 1 • 張力共構模型 (Tensegrity models) .....................................................145
附錄 2 • 肌肉體積及交錯的螺旋纖維角度
(Muscle volume and crossed helical fiber angle) .............................................151
附錄 3 • 應被質疑的肌肉恆定調節器 (The questionable hydrostat) .................153
附錄 4 • 禽類的肺臟 (The avian lung) ...................................................................155
層面系統的解剖學 (Heterarchical anatomy) ....................................................................156
張力共構車輪模型 (The tensegrity wheel model) ............................................................157
附錄 5 • 閉鎖鏈運動學及胚胎發育
(closed-chain kinematics and embryological development) .............................159
圖源和權限 (Figure sources and permissions) 161
參考 (References) 164
索引 (Index) 176
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